Senior Managers and Certification Regime: A Plain-English Guide

The Senior Managers and Certification Regime (SMCR) is the FCA's framework for making senior people at regulated firms personally accountable for what happens on their watch, and for making sure everyone in a regulated role is fit and proper to be there. It applies to almost every FCA-regulated firm in the UK, including small IFAs, mortgage brokers, insurance brokers, and wealth managers. Since 1 September 2026, the PS25/23 framework on non-financial misconduct has slotted into SMCR rather than sitting alongside it — so understanding SMCR is the foundation for applying PS25/23.

This guide explains SMCR in plain English: who it applies to, what the three tiers are, what each tier requires, and what changed in September 2026. It is written for compliance officers and principals at firms with 1–50 staff who want to understand the regime without wading through hundreds of pages of FCA Handbook.

The plain-English summary

SMCR has three tiers of people:

Senior Managers — the most senior people responsible for specific regulated activities at the firm. They need FCA pre-approval and are personally accountable.
Certification staff — people in functions that could harm customers or the firm if performed badly. They don't need FCA pre-approval, but the firm must certify them as fit and proper every year.
Conduct rules staff — almost everyone else, who must follow basic rules of behaviour.

The regime was rolled out to almost all UK financial services firms by December 2019. It replaced the older Approved Persons Regime. It exists because the FCA wants to be able to identify, hold to account, and where necessary sanction the specific individuals responsible for failures — not just the firms.

Who SMCR applies to

SMCR applies to:

All firms regulated by the FCA, except limited-permission consumer credit firms and some specialised vehicles
Banks, insurers, building societies (under separate but very similar rules)
All "solo-regulated" firms (the FCA's term for firms regulated by the FCA only, not the PRA) — IFAs, mortgage brokers, insurance brokers, wealth managers, payment firms, consumer credit firms, claims management companies, and so on

Within solo-regulated firms there are three sub-categories:

Category	Description	What it changes
Limited Scope	Smaller, lower-risk firms (sole traders, very small firms with simple permissions)	Fewer SMFs required; no certification regime in some cases
Core	Standard category — most small and mid-sized solo-regulated firms	Full SMCR applies in standard form
Enhanced	A small number of larger firms identified by the FCA based on size and complexity	Additional SMFs and responsibilities required

The FCA's SMCR for solo-regulated firms page sets out which category your firm sits in. Most small IFAs, mortgage brokers, and insurance brokers are Core firms.

For a closer look at the day-to-day requirements on certified staff specifically — and how PS25/23 changes them — see our individual conduct rules guide.

Tier 1: Senior Managers

A Senior Manager is someone who holds a Senior Management Function (SMF) at the firm. SMFs are FCA-approved roles with personal regulatory accountability for specific parts of the firm's business.

For a Core firm, the SMFs typically required are:

SMF code	Role	Who holds it
SMF1	Chief Executive	Most senior executive (often the principal at a small firm)
SMF3	Executive Director	Executive directors (only relevant if the firm has a board)
SMF9	Chair of the governing body	Chair (only relevant if the firm has a board with a designated chair)
SMF16	Compliance Oversight	The compliance officer
SMF17	Money Laundering Reporting Officer (MLRO)	The person responsible for AML compliance
SMF27	Partner	Partners in LLPs or partnerships

A small firm with three people might have one person holding SMF1 + SMF16 + SMF17 — multiple SMFs concentrated in one principal. That is permitted, but the FCA expects clear documentation of how that person manages the workload and the conflicts.

The table above is the Core-firm set. For the full list of senior management functions, including the ones that only bite on Enhanced firms, see our SMF functions guide.

What a Senior Manager has to do

Each SMF holder has:

1. A Statement of Responsibilities (SoR). A short document setting out the specific things they are responsible for at the firm. The SoR is filed with the FCA and updated when responsibilities change. Our Statement of Responsibilities guide has worked examples for a sole principal holding multiple SMFs.

2. Prescribed Responsibilities. A defined set of responsibilities that must be allocated to one or more SMF holders. Examples include "performance by the firm of its obligations under the Senior Managers Regime" and "performance by the firm of its obligations under the Certification Regime." For the full Core-firm list and how to allocate them, see our prescribed responsibilities guide.

3. Duty of Responsibility. This is a statutory test, not a conduct rule. Under section 66A(5) FSMA 2000, an SMF holder is personally accountable where their firm contravenes a relevant requirement, they were responsible for the management of the activities in which the contravention occurred, and they "did not take such steps as a person in the senior manager’s position could reasonably be expected to take to avoid the contravention occurring (or continuing)". This is the test the FCA applies in enforcement.

4. Senior Manager Conduct Rules. In addition to the individual conduct rules, SMF holders must comply with four senior manager rules:

Rule	Plain-English
SC1	Take reasonable steps to ensure the business is controlled effectively
SC2	Take reasonable steps to ensure the firm complies with regulatory requirements
SC3	Take reasonable steps to ensure delegated functions are properly managed
SC4	Disclose appropriately any information the FCA would reasonably expect to know

5. Annual F&P certification. SMF holders must be re-assessed for fitness and propriety each year. Our F&P assessment guide walks through the process.

Becoming an SMF holder

A new Senior Manager has to be approved by the FCA before they can perform the function. The application is via Form A under SUP 10C.9. The FCA considers the candidate's fitness and propriety and may interview them. Approval can take 1–3 months. The firm must not allow the person to act in the SMF until approval is granted.

When an SMF holder leaves a function, the firm must notify the FCA via Form C within 7 business days. If they leave because of misconduct or a significant concern, the firm must explain — under SUP 15.3 notification rules.

Tier 2: Certification Staff

The certification regime covers people who are not SMF holders but whose roles could cause significant harm to customers or the firm. The FCA does not pre-approve certification staff — the firm must certify them as fit and proper, every year, and re-certify annually.

Common certification functions at small firms include:

Customer-dealing function (CF30) — anyone who deals directly with retail clients on regulated business (financial advisers at IFAs, mortgage advisers, insurance advisers)
CASS oversight function — the person responsible for client money / client assets (where applicable)
Material risk taker — anyone whose role could materially affect the firm's risk profile (rare at small firms)

The list is in SYSC 27 with category-specific functions in surrounding sections.

What certification involves

For each certified person, every year the firm must:

Gather inputs (performance, conduct breach record, self-declaration, training records)
Apply the FIT 2 considerations (honesty/integrity/reputation, competence/capability, financial soundness)
Issue a written certificate of fitness and propriety, signed by an SMF holder
Maintain records for the duration of employment plus six years

Certification is a continuous obligation, not just an annual snapshot. If a trigger event occurs during the year (conduct rule breach, criminal conviction, financial difficulty, NFM finding), the firm must re-assess outside the annual cycle. For a step-by-step view of running the annual cycle, see our certification regime renewal guide.

A certified person whose certification is withdrawn cannot continue to perform the certified function. The firm must tell the person, update the FCA's Directory, and notify under SUP 15 if there are regulatory implications.

Tier 3: Conduct Rules Staff

Conduct rules apply to almost everyone at an FCA-regulated firm — not just senior managers and certified staff. The exceptions are narrow: ancillary staff (e.g. cleaners, security guards) whose role has no FCA-regulated component.

For a small IFA with 8 employees including the principal, an adviser, an administrator, and a paraplanner, the breakdown might be:

Person	Tier	Why
Principal	SMF1 + SMF16 + SMF17	Senior Manager (multiple SMFs)
Adviser	Certified (CF30)	Customer-dealing function
Paraplanner	Certified (depending on role)	If they advise customers, CF30
Administrator	Conduct rules staff	Not SMF, not certified

The six individual conduct rules

The individual conduct rules are listed in COCON 2.1. Plain-English version:

Rule	What it means
Rule 1	Act with integrity
Rule 2	Act with due skill, care, and diligence
Rule 3	Be open and cooperative with the FCA, PRA, and other regulators
Rule 4	Pay due regard to the interests of customers and treat them fairly
Rule 5	Observe proper standards of market conduct
Rule 6	Act to deliver good outcomes for retail customers

Rule 6 is the newest and the one small firms most often miss. It was added by the Consumer Duty and has applied to open products and services since 31 July 2023. The FCA's Consumer Duty guidance (FG22/5, paragraph 10.22) puts it this way: "Individual conduct rule 6 reflects the new, higher standard of the Duty, and the behaviour we expect of all conduct staff. It requires all conduct rules staff to 'act to deliver good outcomes for retail customers' where the activities of the firm fall within the scope of the Duty." Note that Rule 6 sits outside the COCON 1.1.7AR scope restriction that applies to the other individual conduct rules at non-bank firms.

For the full breakdown of each rule and how it applies to small firms, see our COCON conduct rules guide.

What the firm has to do for conduct rules staff

For each conduct rules person, the firm must:

Train them — make sure they understand the rules that apply to their role, with practical examples
Identify breaches — have a way to detect when a rule has been broken (HR reports, supervisory observations, complaints)
Investigate suspected breaches — using a documented process
Report breaches to the FCA — via the annual REP008 return for conduct rules staff
Take action where appropriate — disciplinary, training, supervision, or escalation to F&P

How PS25/23 changed the picture

PS25/23 does not create a new tier or a new role. It expands the scope of behaviour that engages the existing conduct rules — specifically, the individual conduct rules at Tier 3 and the senior manager conduct rules at Tier 1.

The changes:

1. New rule, COCON 1.1.7FR. Made by the FCA in July 2025 (CP25/18) and in force since 1 September 2026 — PS25/23 is the guidance that accompanies it, not the instrument that made it. The rule extends the scope of the individual conduct rules at non-bank firms to cover serious bullying, harassment (including sexual harassment) or violence against colleagues where there is a sufficient work-related link. It does not bring discrimination or victimisation into COCON's scope, though they can still breach the existing rules on the ordinary tests.

2. Updated FCA guidance on which rules NFM can engage:

Conduct rule	How NFM can engage it
Rule 1 (integrity)	Bullying, harassment, or violence against a colleague can demonstrate a lack of integrity
Rule 2 (skill, care, diligence)	A manager mishandling an NFM allegation may breach Rule 2
SC1 (control of business)	A senior manager who fails to establish NFM processes breaches SC1
SC2 (regulatory compliance)	A senior manager who fails to ensure NFM compliance breaches SC2

3. F&P assessment guidance — serious NFM is now a relevant factor in F&P assessments. The new criteria sit at FIT 2.1.3G(14) and (15), within FIT 2.1 (honesty, integrity and reputation) — not FIT 2.2, which is competence and capability. FIT is also wider than COCON: the FCA says "FIT allows firms to consider any relevant misconduct, wherever it occurs."

4. Existing reporting mechanisms apply. REP008 for non-SMF conduct breaches. SUP 15.3 for SMF breaches within 7 business days.

For practical steps, see our PS25/23 deadline guide and what small firms must do now.

SMCR for a small firm in practice

What does SMCR actually look like at, say, a 6-person mortgage broker? For a deeper view of the working areas, the typical year, and the practical obligations at small-firm scale, see our SMCR compliance for small firms guide.

Senior Manager: The principal holds SMF1 (CEO), SMF16 (Compliance Oversight), and SMF17 (MLRO). They have a Statement of Responsibilities filed with the FCA. They've been allocated all the Prescribed Responsibilities. They have to comply with the four senior manager conduct rules and undergo annual F&P assessment.

Certified staff: The four mortgage advisers each hold CF30. They undergo annual F&P assessment, are certified by the principal, and appear on the FCA Directory.

Conduct rules staff: The administrator does not hold a certification function but is conduct rules staff. They are trained on the six individual conduct rules and any breaches are reported via REP008.

Annual cadence:

F&P assessments for SMF + certified staff (typically March–April for many firms aligning with year-end)
Conduct rules training (annual refresher)
Compliance manual review (including SoR for SMF holders)
REP008 submission (annual, covering conduct rule breaches in the prior year)
FCA Directory obligations — updates when staff change roles, leave, or are appointed
Regulatory reference obligations — requesting and providing the six-year reference when appointing certified or Senior Manager staff

Ongoing:

Notify FCA of SMF appointments via Form A (pre-approval) and departures via Form C (within 7 business days)
Notify SUP 15.3 for material conduct issues
Re-assess F&P on trigger events outside the annual cycle
Notify the FCA before anyone acquires or increases control of the firm — our guide to the change in control process covers who has to file and when

NFM monitoring and investigation now sit on the ongoing list too.

Three things small firms get wrong about SMCR

1. Treating SMCR as a one-time setup task. It isn't. SMCR is a continuous obligation. Statements of Responsibilities need updating when roles change. Certification has to happen every year. Conduct rules apply every day. Reporting deadlines (REP008, SUP 15) recur annually or on trigger.

2. Underestimating the Duty of Responsibility. The personal accountability of SMF holders is the central feature of SMCR. The FCA can and does take action against individual senior managers — not just firms. Every SMF holder should be able to explain what they are accountable for and how they discharge that accountability.

3. Assuming size protects them. Smaller firms get less FCA scrutiny on average, but enforcement actions against principals at small firms do happen — particularly where there has been customer detriment, money laundering failures, or significant conduct issues. The regime applies the same way regardless of firm size.

What to do next

If you are setting up SMCR or reviewing your existing implementation:

Use our COCON conduct rules guide for a deep-dive on the individual rules
Use our F&P assessment guide to walk through the annual certification process
Use our PS25/23 deadline guide to prepare for the 1 September 2026 changes
Test your conduct rule mapping with our COCON Conduct Rules Self-Assessment
Place the individual rules inside the wider conduct risk framework the FCA expects a firm to run
If you are evaluating compliance tools, our guide on compliance software for small firms covers what to look for and what to avoid

SMCR is a framework, not a software product. The framework can be implemented with paper records, spreadsheets, or specialist tooling — what matters to the FCA is that the framework is applied consistently and documented.

Sources

This guide is for general information only and does not constitute legal or regulatory advice. Last reviewed: 3 September 2026.